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dhb'/, ls;fg, a'l4hLjL, ;fx'–dxfhg, ljleGg hflt / ju{sf b]zjf;L bfh'–efO tyf lbbL–aLxgLx?,

;j{k|yd xfdL 1ft–c1ft cd/ zxLbx?df >4f~hnL JoQm ub{5f}+ .

@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 b]zdf k'gM:yflkt ax'bnLo Joj:yf lg/+s'z k+rfot Joj:yf eGbf s]xL k|ultzLn Joj:yf xf] . t/ ;+;bLo Joj:yf k"+hLjfbL Joj:yf ePsf]n] zf]if0fsf] aGbf]j:t oyfjt /Åof] . ;du|df lg/+s'z k+rfotsf hglj/f]wL gLlt lgoddf df}lns kl/jt{g cfpg] cfzf ug{ ;lsGgYof] .

k'gM :yflkt ax'bnLo Joj:yfdf b'O{ j6f dxflgjf{rg eO;s] / t]>f] x'g uO/x]sf] 5 . lat]sf jif{x?df cfwfbh{g ;/sf/x? u7g eP t/ b]z / hgtfsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg x'g'sf] ;f6f] emg hl6n eP jf agfOP . ‘a]OdfgL ug]{ df}sf gkfP;Dd OdfGbf/ ePsf’ ;+VofTds?kn] 7"nf / slyt /fli6«o kf6L{x?sf] ;Qf lnK;f, ;Qf ;+3if{sf] qmddf c;+;bLo lqmofsnfk / a]OdfgLsf] k/fsfi7f, z'e–nfe / ckx/0f tyf c/fhgLlts / lgs[i6 ultljlwn] hgtfdfem /fhgLlt / k|hftGqk|lt g} ljt[i0ff km}nfof] . hgk|ltlglw elgPsf ;f+;bx? abgfd eP . o; sfo{df g]sf+dfq xf]Og ‘sDo'lgi6’ 6]«8dfs{ af]s]sf] Pdfn] klg Tolts} lhDd]bf/ / bf]ifL 5 . oL ;a}n] /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] dd{df k|xf/ u/] . kl/0ffd, k|ltufdL / k'g?TyfgjfbLx?n] 6fpsf] p7fpg yfn] . of] vt/fsf] ;+s]t xf] t/ ;Qfdf hfg] slyt /fli6«o / k|hftGqjfbL kf6L{ / g]tfx? ;r]t ePsf] b]lvPg, ljs[tLsf] xbdf k'u]/ ;QfkIf / k|d'v k|ltkIf ldn]/ ;/sf/ u7g u/] . To:sf] lj/f]wdf ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf k|fKt x'g] xs– clwsf/nfO{ k|of]u ub}{ Jofks hgtfdf /fhg}lts r]tgf km}nfpg' cfjZos 5 .

jL/ zxLbx?sf] zxfbtaf6 k|fKt ax'bnLo k|hftGq zf]if0f / ju{ ljxLg ;dfhsf] gf}nf] g]kfn lgdf{0f u/L sfdbf/ ju{nfO{ zf;s ju{sf] ?kdf p7fpg] rf}tf/f] dfq xf] .

;dfhjfbL Joj:yf dfq sfdbf/ hgtfsf] :ju{ -zf;g_ x'g ;Sg] jf:tljstfnfO{ k|rf/ / :ki6 ug{ Pp6} dg / dl:tis lnP/ cfufdL dxf–lgjf{rgnfO{ klg xfdL pkof]u ub}{5f}+ .

b]zdf ;+;bLo Joj:yf k'gM:yfkgf kl5 u7g ePsf ;/sf/–x?n] b]z / hgtfsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug'{sf] ;f6f] aNemfO lbPsf / hl6n agfO lbPsf 5g\ . b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf / cv08tfsf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;/sf/x? c;kmn b]lvPsf 5g\ . d]lrb]lv dxsfnL;Ddsf xfd|f l;dfgfx? ldlrPsf 5g\ . To;af/] s'g} ;/sf/n] lj:tf/jfbL ef/t ;dIf 7f]; ?kdf cfjfh /fVg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . b]zs} e"efu sfnfkfgL If]qdf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbL kmf}h t}gfy x'+bf klg ;Qfdf hfg] / a:g]x?n] s/–ann] Pp6f jQmJo kmfn]/ jf dGtJo lbP/ emf/f 6fg]{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ;Qfdf hfg] / a:g] /fhgLlts bnx? k|ltkIfsf] cfjfh / ;+3if{nfO{ ;d]t bafP/ ef/tsf] cflzjfb{ vf]H5g\ / ;Qfdf l6sL /xg] rfnafhL ub{5g\ . of] sfo{ /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] dd{ ljk/Lt 5, ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] d"No / dfGotf lj/f]wL 5 . To;}sf] kl/0ffd cfh hgtfdf ax'bnLo k|hftGqk|lt ljt[i0ff km}lnPsf] 5 . ef/tLo lj:tfjfbsf] rfKn';L u/]/ ;Qfdf hfg] / a:g] kf6L{x?nfO{ pbf"Uofpg', ltgLx?sf] ck/fw / a]OdfgLnfO{ hgtfdfem k'¥ofpg' k|To]s b]zeQm / OdfGbf/ /fhg}lts bnx?sf] k/d st{Jo xf] .

gbL–gfnf /fli6«o ;DklQ xf] / b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf To:sf] pkof]u / ;+/If0f ug'{ ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . t/ ;Qfdf hfg] / a:g] sf+u|];, Pdfn], /fk|kf / ;b\efjgf ldn]/ dxfsfnL ;lGw u/] . b]zeQm k|ltkIf kf6L{ / g]tfx?n] To; ;lGw x'g glbg ;8s / ;bgdf ;+3if{ u/] / cfjfh p7fP . Pdfn]sf sfo{stf{x?n] g]tfx?nfO{ y'g]/, gf/f nufP/ lj/f]w ubf{ klg g]tfx?n] /fi6«3ftL dxfsfnL ;lGw u/], To;af/] xfsfxfsL em'7f] af]n]/ e|dlbg vf]h] . /fi6«3ftL ;lGw ug]{ / To:sf dltof/x?nfO{ hgtfn] cfh geP ef]ln ;hfo lbg]5 / lbg'k5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf 5 . /fi6«3ftLx?nfO{ ;hfo glbg'sf] ;f]emf] cy{ af+sL gbL–gfnf klg ef/tnfO{ ;'Dkg] df}sf lbg' xf] .

e|i6frf/ / dx+uLnfO{ slyt 7"nf kf6L{x?n] ax'bnsf] kof{o agfO lbPsf 5g\ . Ps bnsf] ;/sf/n] e|i6frf/ u¥of], dx+uL a9fof] egL csf]{ bn ;Qfdf hfG5 t/ To:n] lgoGq0f / pGd"ng xf]Og emg\ rsf]{ ?kdf a9fOlbG5 . ljutsf ;/sf/x?sf] lgrf]8 oxL xf] . /fhgLlts e|i6frf/n] b]zsf x/]s If]qdf h/f xfn]sf] 5 . /fhgLltn] ck/fwLx?nfO{ xf]Og ck/fwLx?n] /fhgLltnfO{ v]nfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .

b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf lg:jfy{ ?kn] ;dlk{t x'g' kg]{ hgk|ltlglwx? jf ;f+;bx? cfkm\gf] kf6L{ ;Qfdf ePsf] jf k|d'v k|ltkIfdf ePsf] l+8· xf"Sb} x/]s k|sf/sf ck/fwx?df ;+nUg eP . kh]/f] / k|f8f] ;'ljwfn] abgfd ePsf ;f+;bx? ;'Ts]/L cf}ifwL, a|Dxgfndf ;'tfp"bf lbOg] cf}ifwL -kmf]6'{d_, s]6L a]Rg], nfu" kbfy{, clZnn rnlrq, /ftf] /fxbfgLsf] b'?kof]u nufotsf a]OdfgL / ck/fwn] ;f+;b zAb ufnLsf] kof{o aGg] ;+efjgf 5 .

x/]s ;/sf/sf] pknlAw g} sf08x?sf] k|lt:kwf{ x'g yfn]sf] 5– wldhf sf08, dn sf08, Pn= ;L= sf08b]lv r]h Pc/ sf08;Dd o;}sf k|df0f x'g\ .

/fi6«3ftL ;lGw ug]{, ljb]zL kmf}hnfO{ x6fpg g;Sg], e|i6frf/ / dx+uLsf] df}sf 5f]Kg], clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L sf08x? /Rg] slyt 7"nf kf6L{sf ;/sf/x?n] ^) k|ltzt eGbf a9L u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lgsf g]kfnL hgtfsf Go"gQd cfjZostfsf pBf]ux?nfO{ lghLs/0f ul/–/x]sf 5g\ . !_ e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf, @_ af";jf/L 5fnf h'Qf sf/vfgf, #_ xl/l;l4 O"6f 6fon sf/vfgf, $_ g]kfn rnlrq ljsf; sDkgL, %_ g]kfn cfon lgud, ^_ afnfh' sk8f pBf]u ln=, &_ sf"rf] 5fnf ;+sng tyf ljsf; ;+:yfg, *_ ;'tL{ ljsf; sDkgL, (_ g]kfn h'6 ljsf; tyf Jofkf/ sDkgL, !)_ g]kfn kmfp08«L OG8i6«L, !!_/3'klt h'6 ldN;, !@_ lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldN;, !#_ s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgf ln=, !$_ eQmk'/ O"6f sf/vfgf ln= cflb pBf]ux? lghLs/0f ul/;lsPsf] / ul/+b} 5 . ;/sf/df a;]/ hgtfsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug}{ kg]{ bfloTjaf6 klG5g g} lghLs/0fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . lghL pBf]un] ljsf; ug]{ t/ ;/sf/L pBf]un] ljsf; ug{ g;Sg] dfgl;stf :jo+ ;~rfns jf ;/sf/sf] gfnfosLkgsf] k|bz{g xf] .

lghLs/0fsf] gfddf k""hLjfbL ;/sf/x?n] cy{tGqsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf pBf]ux?nfO{ Ps Ps ub}{ lgof]lht 9+udf ljb]zL k""hLsf] cwLgdf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . of] sfo{n] slxNo} pklgj]z gag]sf] elgPsf] g]kfn ljb]zL Psflwsf/ k""hLsf] gjpklgj]z aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] o'udf alnof] b]zsf ;]gf / xltof/n] c? b]z sAhf u/L pklgj]z agfp"Yof] eg] cfhsf] o'udf cy{tGqnfO{ cfkm\\gf] d'¶Ldf kf/L cwLgdf /fV5 of gjpklgj]z agfp"5 . bf;Tj :jLsf/ u/]/ df;' eft vfg'eGbf :jtGq / :jfwLg eP/ u'Gb|'s l9+8f]nfO{ cfkm\gf] kf}/v / :jfeLdfg 7fGg] cfd g]kfnLx?sf] efjgf ljk/Lt ;Qfdf hfg] kf6L{x?n] Jojxf/ ul/–/x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ hgtf;+u k|tIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] pBf]ux?nfO{ lghL– s/0f ul/g' x'"b}g / s'g} klg pBf]u ljb]zL k""hLsf] xftdf t lbg} x'"b}g eGg] xfd|f] c8fg 5 .

g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf / ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf b'O{ 7"nf k""hLjfbL kf6L{sf] tfgfzfxLsf] ;+efjgfnfO{ ;j{k|yd g]dlskfn] cf}+NofPsf] lyof] . @)%! sf] dWofjlw lgjf{rg kl5sf] lqz+s' ;+;bdf sf+u|]; / Pdfn]n] kfn}kfnf] zf;g u/]/ k|dfl0ft u/] . ;fy} ;QfkIf / k|d'v k|ltkIf ldn]/ ;/sf/ u7g u/] . lgjf{rg u/fpg] gfddf ePsf] of] nf]eL kfkLx?sf] / ljZjf;sf] ;+s6n] u7g ePsf] ;/sf/ j:t'tM ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] Ps r/d ljs[lt / c;+;bLo sfo{ xf] . ef/tsf lxdfotLsf] cf/f]k nfUb} cfPsf] / Jojxf/n] k'li6 ub}{ NofPsf] g]sf+, Pdfn] / ;b\efjgfsf] b'O{ ltxfOsf] ;/sf/n] ef]ln b]zsf] cl:tTj ;fd" k|Zg lrGx v8f ug]{ ;+efjgf lg/fwf/ 5}g . c/fhgLlts, c;+;bLo 9+uaf6 klg ;Qf df]x /fVg] oL kf6L{x?af/] hgtfnfO{ ;r]t agfpg' k|ltkIfL kf6L{sf] x}l;otn] g]dlskfsf] st{Jo xf] / of] st{Jo lgjf{x ub}{ hfg] 5 .

o;/L ;Qfdf hfg] k""hLjfbL kf6L{x?n] b]z / hgtfsf] :jfledfgsf] cjd"Nog u/]sf 5g\, /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] p2]ZonfO{ s'l07t kf/]sf 5g\, ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ pNn+3g u/]sf 5g\ . ;f/df k'gM:yflkt ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf ljs[lt / lj;+ultnfO{ lgof]lht 9+un] leœofO/x]sf 5g\, hGdfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fd|fHojfb tyf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] lkR5nUu' ePsf 5g\ . ;Qfdf k'u]/ klg dxTjk"0f{ st{Jokfngf ug{ ljkmn ePsf 5g\ . To:sf] lj/f]wdf ;8s / ;bgdf ;+3if{nfO{ g]dlskf PSn}n] / c? jfd kf6L{;+u ldn]/ klg rfn" /fv]sf] 5 . ;r]t dtbftfx?n] ljutdf xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] ljZjf;sf] dtnfO{ OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfb/ / ;Ddfg u/]sf 5f}+ .

ljs[lt / lj;+ult lj?4sf] ;+3if{ nfdf] 5 . ToxL ;+3if{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg g]dlskfn] o; lgjf{rgnfO{ pkof]u ub}{5 .

dxf–lgjf{rg klg Ps juL{o / /fhg}lts ;+3if{ xf] . x/]s /fhg}lts ;+3if{ klg ju{ ;+3if{ s} kl/is[t ?k x'g] u5{ . o;sf/0f dxf–lgjf{rgsf] o; /fhg}lts ;+3if{sf] ba'nLdf xfdL b]zsf tdfd lyrLPsf / lk;LPsf ju{ / hfltnfO{ juL{o / /fhg}lts ?kn] ;r]t / lzlIft kfg{ k|oTgzLn /xg] 5f}+ . k|hftGq Ps kmnfsf], km]zg / hfn;fhL xf]Og, k|hftGq ;Qfdf a:g] kf6L{ of kf6L{x?sf] dgk/LtGq klg xf]Og, l;4fGttM k|hftGq lj/f]wLx?sf] / hgtfsf] dtnfO{ oyf]lrt cfb/ ug]{, k|zf;g oGq / k|rf/ ;fwgnfO{ PsxtL gug]{, kIfkft gug]{ / cfnf]rgf ;xg] hLjgk4lt xf] . xfdL ToxL hLjg k4ltnfO{ x/]s ufp" / emf]k8L;Dd k'¥ofpg lgjf{rgnfO{ pkof]u ub}{5f}+ . k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgfsf] To; ;femf kmnnfO{ Pp6} kf6L{ jf ;/sf/df a;]sf kf6L{x?sf] k]jf / ck'tflnsf] ?kdf PsxtL ug]{ k|j[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{ hgtfsf] ;fd'Gg] pbf+Uofpg klg xfdLn] o; dxf–lgjf{rgnfO{ Pp6f pkfo jf dfWod agfp"b}5f}+ .

k|hftGq eg]sf] 6fpsf] uGtL xf]Og . of] s'/f lat]sf @ j6f dxflgjf{rgn] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . klxnf] dxflgjf{rgkl5 g]sf+sf] !)( :yfg, bf]>f] dxflgjf{rg kl5 Pdfn]sf] ** :yfgn] b]z / hgtfsf s'g ;d:of ;dfwfg eP < ljrf/, l;4fGt / lrGtgsf] ;f6f] 6fpsf] uGtLnfO{ dxTj lb+bf ;f+;bx? e]8fafv|f em}+ y'lgP, lsg–a]r eP . l;4fGt / /fhg}lts g}ltstfn] af"lwPsf] eP To:tf] l:ylt lgZro klg cfpg] lyPg . t/ 6fpsf] ulGtnfO{ g} k|hftGq / ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cfwf/ dfGbf e|i6, kltt, cg}lts, ck/fwL, kf6L{ l;4fGt / g]tf b|f]xLx?nfO{ ;d]t kf6L{n] sfvL RofKg' k¥of], l6s6 lbg' k¥of], gfhfoh dfu ;fd' cfTd;dk{0f ug'{k¥of] . Toltdfq xf]Og k+rfots} kblrGxdf nfu]/ ;f+;b ckx/0f ug]{ / b]zdf ;+s6 cfPsf] a]nf dGqLnfO{ ljb]z eufpg] sfd ‘7"nf]’ kf6L{ g]sf+n] u¥of] . ptf csf]{ ‘ljzfn’ kf6L{ Pdfn]n] cfkm\gf ;f+;bx?nfO{ lj/fnf]n] aRrf ;f/] em}+ ;fg'{ k¥of], ;'/f–;'Gb/L k'¥ofpg' k¥of], dlxnf / k'?if ;f+;bx?nfO{ Pp6} sf]7fdf y'g]/ clZnn rnlrq;Dd b]vfpg' k¥of], ljb|f]xL pDd]bjf/nfO{ :jfut ug'{ k¥of] . Ps /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] lglDt oL ultljlw lgs} nfhdbf]{ / 3[l0ft s'/f x'g\ t/ klg ;+Vofsf ‘7"nf’ kf6L{x?sF] r]t v'n]sf] 5}g / 6fpsf] uGtLnfO{ g} ;kmntf dflg/x]sf 5g\ .

o;af6 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ‘k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfb’ / ‘sDo'lgi6’ 6]«8dfs{ af]s]sf] Pdfn]sf] ax'bnLo hgjfbsf] t'ngfdf g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{sf] /fhg}lts g}ltstf / b[9 c8fg lgSs} pTs[i6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .

xf], o; k""hLjfbL k|hftGq lgZro klg k"0f{ 5}g g t k""hLjfbL Joj:yfdf lgjf{rg g} lgikIf x'g] u5{ . If]q ljefhgdf kIfkft, k|rf/ sfo{df k};f / ;fwgsf] 5]nf]v]nf], hftkft, ;fDk|bflostf, wd{ / If]lqo efjgfsf] k|rf/ clg dtbfgdf x'g] wg, kz'an, k|zf;lgs kIfkft, hfn;femL, lsga]r / lemlnldnL cflbn] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd lgikIf / lylrPsf / lkl;Psf hflt tyf ju{sf hgtfsf] kIfdf gx'g ;S5 . t/ To;tf cg]s hfn;femL, kIfkft Pj+ dgk/LtGqaf6 hgtfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?kn] g} ;hu / lzlIft kfb}{ nfg' cfjZos 5 . # k|ltzt dtsf] k|Zg, ;+;b ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof / dtbftfsf] ;+Vofaf6 ju{ ;+3if{, /fhg}lts ;+3if{ tyf ;}4flGts / /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fnfO{ gfKg] ul/+b}g . lsgeg] @÷# -b'O{ ltxfO{_ ;+;b ;b:o ljhoL ePsf kf6L{x? / jiff}{+;Dd ;Qfdf a;]sf kf6L{x? ;d]t hgtfsf] Pp6} cfGbf]ng / ;+3if{n] pN6]sf 5g\ jf lgjf{rgaf6} kmflnPsf 5g\ . To:t} lxhf];Dd b]vf gk/]sf jf rfgr'g ;lDemPsf kf6L{x? ;d]t /fli6«o lrGtg / b[li6sf]0fn] ‘/fli6«o’ kf6L{ dfq} xf]Og zf;s bnsf ?kdf u0fgf ePsf 36gfx? klg g36]sf xf]Ogg\ . o;sf/0f s'g} kf6L{n] slt :yfgdf ljho k|fKt u5{ jf s'g kf6L{n] slt k|ltzt dt k|fKt u5{ eGg' eGbf s'g kf6L{n] s'g ju{sf] kIf lnG5, s'g b[li6sf]0fsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{, b]z / hgtfsf cfwf/e"t ;d:ofx?nfO{ s;/L ;'Nemfpg] pkfo / kl/kSjtf b]vfp"5 jf b]vfp"b}g eGg] k|Zg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg–@)$& nfu" ePkl5 o;df y'k|} sdL sdhf]/L / ck|hftflGqs wf/fx? ;dfj]z ePsf] k|i6 e} ;s]sf] 5 . Pp6} 3f]if0ff–kq / r'gfj lrGx lnP/ ljhoL ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ klg :jtGq eGg] 5'6 lbg'sf] ;fy} Pp6f ;+ul7t bn, To;n] hf/L u/]sf] 3f]if0ffkqsf] cfwf/df k|fKt dt / lgjf{lrt ;f+;bnfO{ klg hj{h:tL ‘:jtGq’ agfpg] ax'bnLo efjgf ljk/Lt / ck|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx? lj?4 xfdLn] /fhg}lts ;+3if{ rfn" /fv]sf 5f}+ / s]xL ljho klg k|fKt u/]sf 5f}+ .

cfkm"nfO{ k|hftGqsf 7]s]bf/x? bfjL ug]{ g]sf+ / Pdfn] bnx? lgof]hg ug{ rfxG5g\, To:sf] lj?4 g]dlskfn] sfg"gL ;+3if{ u¥of] / # k|ltzt cfPsf jf gcfPsf ;a} kf6L{n], gof" :yfkgf ePsf kf6L{n] ;d]t kf6L{sf] gfd / 3f]if0ffkqdf lgjf{rg n8\g kfpg] eP . o; ljhoaf6 ax'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ ;fy{s agfPsf] 5 / of] ljhon] g]sf+ / Pdfn]sf] ax'bn lj/f]wL ;f]r / b[li6sf]0f pbf"luPsf]5.

xfdLn] o; r'gfjnfO{ klxn] h:t} ;dfhjfb / qmflGt Nofpg] pkfo eGbf hgtfnfO{ ;r]t / lzlIft kfg]{, x8tfn, cfGbf]ng / ;+3if{sf] ?kdf lnG5f}+ tyf hgtfsf] r]tgf:t/ gfKg] Jof/f]ld6/ -rfkdfks oGq_ sf] ?kdf lnG5f}+ . xf/–hLt d'Vo s'/f xf]Og, a? hgtfnfO{ ;s];Dd cfGbf]lnt ug{ vf]Hg' d'Vo s'/f] xf] . lgjf{rgk|lt g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{sf] 7DofO{ oxL xf] . xfd|f] kf6L{ k|hftGqsf] gfddf >lds hgtfnfO{ cf;–e/f];fdf /fv]/ d'¶Le/ zf]ifs ju{sf] ‘:ju{’ agfpg] 5n5fd ub}{g a? hgtfnfO{ k""hLjfbL k|hftGqsf] kIf / ljkIfaf/] af]w u/fpg ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] efjgf, d"No / dfGotf tyf rl/q ljk/Lt b'O{ bnLo k""hLjfbL tfgfzfxLsf] lj/f]wsf] ;+3if{nfO{ rfn" /fVg] / hgtfsf] k|hftGqnfO{ 5n{++Uofpg] c7f]6 u5{ .

xfd|f] lbzf lgb]{zg g} xfd|f] sfo{

lgb{nLo k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ;+u;+u} To;sf] cTofrf/sf] lj/f]wdf xfd|f sfo{stf{x?n] nuftf/ ;+3if{ u/]sf lyP . ls;fgx?sf] df]xLofgL xssf] ;'/Iffsf] lglDt v]t / vlnxfgx?df, gfkL 6f]nL cfp"bf, s't a'emfp"bf, ekf{O lng hf"bf jf afnL leœofpg] afnL sf6\g] cfGbf]ngx? ubf{, ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf cGo lhNnf / 7fp"df ePsf e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ;+3if{x? ubf{ jf ls;fgx?sf] kIfdf x'g] s't / Jofhsf] lglDt x'g] ;+3if{df xfdkmfNbf cyjf ef]sd/L / dlb/f lj/f]wL ;+3if{x? b]lv b]z / ljb]zdf ePsf lj:tf/jfb, ;fd|fHojfb, k|e'Tjjfb, cfqmd0f / lyrf]ldrf]sf] lj/f]w ubf{ xfdLn] hgtfnfO{ ;r]t kfg]{ sfdx? ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . df}lns / /fhg}lts clwsf/x? jf k|hftGqnfO{ k'gM:yfkgf ug{sf] lglDt ePsf] @)#^ ;fn efb| @$ ut]sf] jfdkGyL cfGbf]ng, @)$@ ;fnsf] zflGtk"0f{ jfd cfGbf]ng, dx+uL lj/f]wL pkTosf aGb, lzIfs, sd{rf/L / 5fq cfGbf]ng, /fli6«o hg–cfGbf]ng, ;+ljwfg cfof]un] lgdf0f{ u/]sf] ;+ljwfg nfu" u/fpg @)$& sflt{s @) ut]sf] eQmk'/b]lv sf7df08f};Ddsf] ljzfn k}bn ¥ofnL, 6gsk'/ / dxfsfnL h:tf] /fi6«3ftL ;lGwsf] lj/f]wdf ePsf] ;+3if{, sfnfkfgLaf6 ljb]zL kmf}h x6fpg] ;+3if{ tyf cGo w]/} :jtGq / ;femf ;+3if{x?df xfd|f] kf6L{ / sfo{stf{x? cu|k+lQmdf /x"b} cfPsf 5g\ . o; k|sf/ b]z / hgtfsf] Jofks lxtsf] lglDt cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f ug]{ efjgf g} xfd|f] sfo{ lbzf / c7f]6 xf] .

;a} kl/jt{gjfbL kf6L{x? / dhb'/, ls;fg, 8fS6/, jlsn, kqsf/, k|fWofks, sd{rf/L, k;n], ;fx'–dxfhg tyf b]zsf ljleGg ju{sf hgtf Psu7 eO{ kmsf{Psf] k|hftGqnfO{ b'O{ 7"nf elgg] kf6L{x?n] k]jf agfPsf 5g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{ To; k|sf/sf] k|j[lQsf] ;zQm lj/f]w ub{5 .

k|hftGqnfO{ ‘ljlwsf] zf;g’ klg elgG5 / To;sf] lglDt xfdL n8\of}+ / n8\b} hfg] 5f}+ .

OdfGbf/L, g}ltstf, ;fdflhs, cfly{s d"No / dfGotfx? k+rfotL sfndf h:t} emg\ emg\ emb}{5g\ . gftfjfb, s[kfjfb cg'lrt cfly{s nf]e / /fhg}lts tyf cGo a]OdfgLn] hgtf kLl8t 5g\ . klxnf] dxf–lgjf{rg kl5 ul7t g]sfsf] ;/sf/b]lv ;a} ;/sf/x?n] ltg} v/fjLx?nfO{ dnhn u/]sf] tYo e'Qmef]uL hgtfdf :ki6 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{ o:tf ;a} cg}ltstf, a]OdfgL, kIfkft / clgoldttfsf] lj/f]wdf ;+3if{ u5{ / To;sf] bf]ifx?nfO{ pbf+Uofp"5 .

k|hftGq / ;dfhjfb b]vfpg] bf"t xf]Og a? hLjg k4lt / Jojxf/ xf] . k|hftGq eg]sf] ;/sf/df a9\b} uPsf] dx+uL, k|zf;lgs c/fhstf / lj/f]wL kIfsf] cfjfh g;'Gg] ;Qfsf] dftnufO{ xf]Og, g t ;dfhjfb eg]sf] x/]s JolQmsf] cnu cnu ufO{–uf]7, rvf{, kf7zfnf / c:ktfn x'g' xf] . cfh k|hftGq eg]sf] lylrPsf / lkl;Psf cToGt ax'dt hgtfsf] kIf lng] ;/sf/ x'g' k5{ / ;dfhjfb eg]sf] cflbd hdfgfsf] cefj / lk5l8Psf] ;dfgtf xf]Og, j}1flgs / cfw'lgs x'g'k5{, cfhsf] 8]/L kmfld{·sf] a]nf k|To]s kl/jf/sf] ufO{ / uf]7 tyf sf/vfgfsf] 7fp"df rvf{sf] s'/f, ;fd'lxs :s"n / SofDk;sf] ;f6f] u'?s'nsf] s'/f, hg–;fwf/0fsf] ;fwg ;DkGg c:ktfnsf] 7fp"df lghL pkrf/sf] uGyg jf:tjdf lk5l8Psf] lrGtg xf] . cfh 6]lnlehg, /]lk|mh]/]6/, jflzªd]lzg / sDKo'6/ h:tf ;fwg ;DkGg ;dfhjfbsf] sNkgf ul/G5 . cfjfh eGbf l56f] lx+8\g] /]n / xjfO{hxfh, cg]s oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] hdfgfdf aonuf8fsf] s'/f u/]/ hgtfnfO{ ;dfhjfbsf] kf7 l;sfpg' r/d xf:of:kb s'/f] xf] . g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{n] hgtfnfO{ clxn] /f]huf/d"ns of]hgfx? / hgtfsf] k|hftGqsf] dfWodaf6 dfq} ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf hfg] af6f] b]vfpg] 5 . ‘d]/f] afa'–afh]n] Wo" / eft vfPsf lyP d]/f] xft ;'+3 ;'+3’ eGg] s'/f cfh rNb}g / s;}nfO{ d"v{ agfpg ;ls+b}g .

;'s'Djf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg lglDt hUuf ljt/0f ug{ ul7t cfof]u s'Des0f{sf] kof{o ePsf] 5 . ljutdf ha ha s'g} k|d+n] dWofjlwsf] l;kmfl/; u5{ ta ta hUuf ljt/0fsf s'/f rrf{df Nofp"5 . ;'s'Djf;L ;d:ofnfO{ ;Qf;Lg / k|d'v k|ltkIf kf6L{x?n] ef]6 a}+s agfp"b} cfPsf 5g\ . To; cfof]usf] pkof]lutf ;Qf;Lg kf6L{sf] etL{s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ;Lldt 5 eg] a]nfavt ;Qf glhssf kq–klqsfdf b]vfkg]{ kfgfe/Lsf lj1fkgn] dfq To;sf] cl:tTjjf]w x'G5 .

;'s'Djf;L ;d:ofsf] k"0f{ ;dfwfgsf] pkfo hUuf ljt/0f xf]Og . a:gnfO{ 38]/L ljgfkIfkft lbg' cfjZos 5 t/ ;'s'Djf;L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg /f]huf/sf] pknAwtfn] dfq x'g ;S5 . t;y{ >dd'ns pBf]uwGwfsf] ljsf; ug'{ k5{ .

bf;k|yfsf] cjz]ifsf] ?kdf /x]sf af"wf, sd}of, a'qm]gL, xnL, uf]7fnf] cflbsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg klg /f]huf/af6} dfq ;+ej b]lvG5 .

g]kfn sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng cfh ‘jfdkGyL’ / blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfbsf] bnbndf km:g] vt/f a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;dfhjfb / ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] d'Vo p2]Zo / bL3{sfnLg lxtnfO{ 5f]8]/ k""hLjfbL ;Qf ;fem]bf/L h:tf ;fgf] / cNksfnLg lxtdfly hf]8 lbg] cj;/jfbaf6 g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ hf]ufpg' 5 . dhb'/ cfGbf]ng leqsf] k""hLjfbL ljrf/wf/f ;+zf]wgjfbaf6 g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ hf]ufpg' 5 . Ps Ps kfOnfsf] ;'wf/x?af6 @))–#)) jif{ nufP/ sfdbf/ ju{nfO{ zf;sju{sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ ;'wf/jfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ hf]ufpg' cfjZos 5 . ‘ax'bnLo hgjfb’, ‘d"nwf/f’ jf ‘d"nk|jfx’ h:tf k""hLjfbL hgjfb ‘gof" hgjfb’ xf]Og / ‘;dfhjfb’ xf]Og eGg] ;}4flGts 5nkmnnfO{ hgtfsf] 3/ b}nf];Dd k'¥ofpg' 5 . sdhf]/ dgf]jnaf6 p7\g] xLgtfaf]w / ef}lts, eflifs tyf hftLo lyrf]ldrf]af6 p7\g] cx+sf/jfbaf6 g]kfn sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ hf]ufpg' 5 .

;Qfdf hfg] k""hLjfbL kf6L{x?sf] ;Qf n'5fr'"8Lsf] :jfefljs k|lqmofnfO{ ljutdf em}+ ‘qmflGtsf] hab{:t kl/l:ylt’ sf] d"Nof+sg ub}{ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ‘hg o'4’ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] nflu ;z:q ;+3if{ clgjfo{ ePsf] tYodf ;xdt x'"bfx'"b} JolQm xTofaf6 qmflGt ug{ g;Sg] P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ la;{g ldNb}g . hgtfnfO{ /fhg}lts / ;}4flGts ?kdf ;r]t / ;Ifd agfO{ u/]sf] qmflGtn] ;kmntf k|fKt u5{ eg] xltof/ s} ann] ;dfhjfb nfb\g] c/fhstfjfb cGtTjuTjf lg/fzfdf 6'+lug] 5 . hgo'4n] pknlAwsf] t'ngfdf k|rf/ a9L kfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;/sf/L cft+s a9]sf] 5 / lg/k/fwx? w]/} dfl/Psf 5g\ . o:tf] hgo'4n] ef]lnsf] qmflGtnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ ;+efjgf tkm{ b]zsf sDo'lgi6x? ;r]t x'g' cfjZos 5.

;fy} dfcf]jfbL ;d:of /fhg}lts ;d:of ePsf]n] To;nfO{ /fhg}lts 9+un] g} Odfgbf/L k"j{s ;dfwfg ul/g' k5{ . ;QfkIfsf] k"jf{u|x, kIfkftaf6 pTkGg u/LaL / cefjsf] cGTo ug'{ Pj+ b'u{d / ljs6 If]qsf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

;d"xsf] Ifl0fs lxtnfO{ gx]/L b]z / hgtfsf] kl5;Ddsf] lxtnfO{ Wofg lbP/ x]bf{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ pQfpnf]kg xf]Og w}o{ / ;+odsf] cfjZostf 5 . xfdLn] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ;}4flGts :ki6tf, Pstf / ;xof]usf] ljsf; ug{ klg lgjf{rgnfO{ pkof]u ug{ vf]h]sf 5f}+ .

g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{ k""+hLjfbL r'gfjaf6 ;dfhjfb cfp"5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub}{g . dfS;{jfb, n]lggjfb / dfcf] T;']t'ª ljrf/wf/fdf ljZjf; /fVg] s'g} klg ;fDojfbL kf6L{n] To; s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;Sb}g . /fhg}lts ;r]ttf / ;+ul7t zlQmsf] cefjdf, k};f, k|zf;g / d'9]ansf] Jofks k|of]uaf6 sfdbf/ hgtfsf] OR5f / cfsf+IffnfO{ k""+hLjfbL r'gfjsf] cf8Dj/ / lemlnldnLn] bjfp"b} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf b]z / hgtfsf] lg:jfy{ ;]jf ug]{, sfdbf/ hgtfnfO{ ;Qfdf k'¥ofpg] dxfg nIf af]s]sf ;fDojfbL kf6L{x?n] k""+hLjfbL r'gfjnfO{ pkof]u ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ k""+hLjfbL ;Qfdf cfTd;dk{0f ug{ jf k"+"hLjfbL ;Qfdf k'Ug] p2]Zon] r'gfjsf] pkof]u ug]{ xf]Og a? k"+"hLjfbsf] cju'0f / ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf dfq sfdbf/ hgtfsf] :ju{ -zf;g_ x'g ;Sg] jf:tljstfnfO{ k|rf/ / :ki6 ug{ xfdL r'gfjnfO{ pkof]u ub}{5f}+ .

g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{ h] u/]/ ePklg lgjf{rgdf lht]/ ;x'lnot k|fKt ug]{ / ;+;b / lgjf{rgs} p2]Zon] dhb'/ ju{sf] ljzfn / bL3{sfnLg lxtnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ ;+;bjfbsf] lj/f]w u5{ . xfdL qmflGtsf/L ;+;bjfbsf] kIfkftL xf}+ . qmflGtsf/L ;+;bjfb eg]sf] sfdbf/ ju{sf] 7"nf] / bL3{sfnLg lxtsf] lglDt ;+;b / lgjf{rgnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ / ;x'lnotx?sf] lglDt xf]Og dhb'/ ju{sf] lglDt / cfd'n kl/jt{gsf] lglDt ;+;bLo ;+3if{ ug'{ xf] .

g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{ of] 3f]if0ff–kqdf pNn]v ePsf s'/fx? nfu" u/fpg ;r]t / k|v/ k|ltkIfsf]?kdf /x]/ ;+;bleq / aflx/ cyjf ;bg / ;8sdf ;+3if{/t /xg]5 . ;fy} b]znfO{ ;+s6 k/]sf] a]nf g]dlskfn] ljljw e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg]5 .

s[lif

*)–() k|ltzteGbf a9L b]zjf;L s[lif d} lge{/ /x]sf] x'+bf s[lif / ls;fg ;d:of ;dfwfg geP;Dd b]zsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ePsf] x'"b}g .

b]zsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ lgx'"df ;Qfdf hfg] k""hLjfbL kf6L{x?n] 7"nf] if8oGq ug{ nfu]sf] tkm{ xfdL ;r]t 5f}+ / To; if8oGqsf] xfdLn] lj/f]w ub]{ cfPsf 5f}+ .

e"lddflysf] å}w :jfldTj cGTo ug]{ sfjf{xL z'? eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ b]zdf !% k|ltzt hlt df]xL;+udfq hf]tfxf lg:;f ePsf]n] af"sL *% k|ltzt hf]tfxf ls;fgn] e"lddfly xs bfjL ug]{ s'g} lg:;f 5}g . To;}n] tL *% k|ltzt ls;fgnfO{ df]xLsf] lg:;f glbO{ å}w :jfldTj cGTo ug'{ ax'dt hf]tfxf ls;fgx? lj?4 ;/f;/ if8oGq / cGofo xf] .

To:t} wd{k'q, 5f]/L, a'xf/L / :jf:gLn] clg ;a} 5f]/fx?n] klg df]lxofgL xs kfpg] aGbf]j:t P]gdf x''g' cfjZos 5 . u'7L hUufnfO{ hf]tfxfsf] gfddf btf{ u/fOg' k5{ . clGtd ;dfwfg lglDt k|ultzLn e"ld;'wf/sf] gLlt tof/ ug{ b]zel/ cg';Gwfg, k|fljlws / Jofj– xfl/s 5nkmn x'g' cfjZos 5 .

v]tLsf] pTkfbg a9fpg l;+rfO{, dn, gof" Hofjnsf] aGbf]j:t ul/g' k5{ / sL/f dfg]{ cf}ifwLx?sf] ;Lldt dfqfdf k|of]u u/L ljiffbLsf] ljsNksf] ?kdf t/sf/L v]tL / ldl>t afnL Dynamic Accumulation k|0ffnLsf] aGbf]j:t u/L k|fs[lts lsl;dn]] klg sL/fx? gi6 ug{ pT;flxt ul/g' k5{ . s[lifsf] lgldQ kfgL / gx/ eg]sf] dfgj z/L/sf] lgldQ /ut / g;fx? h:t} x'g\ . jif{ e/L g} cfdfn] gfgLnfO{ b"w lbP ;/x kfgL lbO/xg] lxdfn / xfd|f gbL gfnfx? l;+rfOsf] lglDt j/bfg x'g\ . cfkm\g} b]zsf] >d zlQm, O"6 / l;d]G6n] gx/ / 9nx?sf] Jofks lgdf{0f sfo{x? u/fOg' k5{ . z/L/nfO{ kf}li6s cfxf/ le6fdLgx?sf] cfjZostf eP h:t} v]tLnfO{ dnsf] vf"rf] x'G5 . t/ zf;s bnx? ljb]zL dndf x/]s jif{ s/f]8f}+ ?k}of sdLzg vfgsf] lglDt b]zdf dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{ / u/fpg dflg/x]sf 5}gg\ . ToxL dn ljqmLdf klg clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ u/fO /fv]sf 5g\ . To;}n] b]zdf dn sf/vfgf lgdf{0f ug{ hf]8 lbOg'sf ;fy} Jofks cfsf/ -kl/df0f_ df emf/kft jf sDkf]i6 dn pTkfbg u/fpg b]zJofkL cleofg rnfpg pT;flxt ug{ nufOg] 5 . sd;n / Dofb gf3]sf] dn leœofpg /f]s nufpg'sf ;fy} dn laqmL ljt/0fdf e}/xs]f clgoldttf / e|i6frf/nfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s lgoGq0f u/fpg xfd|f] kf6L{ nfUg] 5 . lj?jfdf nfUg] ljleGg /f]ux?af6 afnLgfnLnfO{ arfpg b]zleq} sL/f dfg]{ cf}ifwLx? pTkfbg u/fO{g' k5{ / To;af6 ls;fgx?n] ;do d} ;'ne tl/sfn] sL6gfzs cf}ifwL kfpg] 5g\ .

b]zsf ljleGg 7fp"df ePsf s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x? / sfo{/t of]Uo s[lif j}1flgsx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt / kl/rfng ug{df ;/sf/x? c;kmn ePsf 5g\ . t;y{ ltgLx?sf] of]ubfg b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdf x'g'kg]{ g]dlskfsf] 7DofO 5 .

5f]6f]df k'/fgf] 9·sf] v]tLkftLnfO{ gof" jf j}1flgs 9·sf] v]tLsf] ljsf;df k|f]T;flxt ug{ lgJof{hL jf sd Jofhsf] C0f, 6\ofS6/ jf cGo v]tLsf Hofjn / k|fljlws ;'ljwfx? lhNnf, cfjZos If]q / ufp" ufp"df k'¥ofpg' k5{ . s[lif ljz]if1 / ;xfos s[lif ljz]if1x?sf] 1fg / ;LknfO{ clkm;df dfq} ;Lldt g/fvL v]t–v]t;Dd k'¥ofpg nufpg g]dlskf ;+3if{ u5{ .

s[lifdf /x]sf] hg;+Vofsf] ef/nfO{ pBf]u, oftfoft, s'6L/ Joj;fo / cGo ;]jfx?df nufP/ ls;fg kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/nfO{ p7fpg' cfjZos 5 . kz'kfng, s'v'/f kfng, df5f kfng / cGo To:t} ;xfos sfdsf] aGbf]j:t u/]/ v]tL sfo{af6 af+sL /x]sf] >dzlQmnfO{ pkof]u ul/g' k5{ .

gx/ agfpg], ;8s / af6f] agfpg] / cGo lgdf{0f sfo{x?df ;d]t sfd lbP/ ls;fgx?sf] >dzlQmnfO{ pkof]u ug'{ k5{ . To;af6 ljb]zLg afWo x'g] kl/l:ylt km]l/g] 5, hLjg:t/nfO{ p7fOg] 5 / hgtfnfO{ >dbfg u/fP/ dflyNnf cf]xbfdf a:g]x?sf] ;DkGgtfsf] dxn agfpg] >f]tnfO{ aGb u/fOg' k5{ . ;QfkIfsf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ dfq xf]Og ls;fgx?sf] pTkfbg sfo{df hf]z / hf+u/ yKg lgJof{hL jf sd Jofhdf C0fx? pknAw u/fOg' k5{ . ;xsf/L ;+:yf / sf]N8 :6f]/]h -lr:ofpg] s]Gb|_ h:tf pTkfbgnfO{ ;+/lIft ug]{ e08f/x? dfkm{t ls;fgx?nfO{ pTkfbgx?sf] plrt d"No k|fKt u/fpg' cfjZos 5 .

cfhsf] ;'s'Djf;L ;d:of klg ls;fg ;d:of leq} k5{ . kxf8L If]qdf oftfoft / /f]huf/sf] cefjdf nfvf}+ hgtf sfd, dfd, sk8f / cf]t kfpg jgjf; nfUg / cfkm\gf] k'vf{af6 l;s]sf] v]tLdfq u/]/ a;f]jf; ug{ jfWo u/fOPsf 5g\ . t/ To;df kxf8sf s]xL 7"nfj8f / hfnL km6fxfx? ;d]t 6fpsf] n'sfpg k'u]sf 5g\ . @–$ 7fp"df hUuf cf]u6]sf To:tf hfnLx?nfO{ afx]s c? ;a} ;'s'[Djf;Lx?nfO{ /fd|f] a;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / ToxL j:tLsf] glhs} /f]huf/d"ns pBf]ux? :yfkgf u/L jg ljgfznfO{ /f]Sg] gLlt cjnDjg ul/g' k5{ . ;'s'Djf;Lx?nfO{ ;Qf;Lg bnx?sf] ef]6 a}+s agfpg] gLltsf] lj/f]w ul/g' k5{ . ;'s'Djf;Lsf 5f]/f–5f]/Lx?nfO{ lzIffsf] /fd|f] aGbf]j:t ePdf ;'s'Djf;L ;d:ofsf] bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfgdf 6]jf k'Ug] 5 . kl5 ;'s'Djf;L ;d:of cfpg glbg / jg ljgfz /f]Sg b]zsf] pQ/L / b'u{d If]qsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOg' k5{ . s[lif dhb'/x?sf] Go"gQd Hofnf tf]Sg nufpg ;+3if{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

pBf]u–afl0fHo / ko{6g

s[lifk|wfg ;dfhnfO{ pBf]uk|wfg ;dfhdf km]g{ klxn] Ps ztfAbL nfUYof] . oftfoft / ;+rf/sf] tLa|t/ ljsf;, cGt/f{li6«o ;DjGw / lj1fg k|ljlw ;d]t a]Rg] k|ltof]lutfsf] sf/0f g]kfn h:tf] cfkm\g} ljz]iftf ePsf] b]znfO{ cf}Bf]lus b]zdf km]g{ cfh Ps ztfAbL nfUg] 5}g . t/ b]znfO{ cf}Bf]lus ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;lsPg eg] ;DkGgtf / cfTdlge{/tf klg cfsfzsf] kmn x'g]5 . o;sf/0f s[lif;+u ;DjlGwt / s[lif pTkfbgaf6 x'g] /f]huf/d"ns 3/]n' / ;–;gf pBf]ux?nfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} cGo pBf]unfO{ ;d]t u|fÅotf lbnfpg g]dlskf hf]8 lbG5 . o;af6 Psflt/ s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/ e]6fpg uf¥xf] kb}{g eg] csf]{lt/ pBf]ux?sf] ljsf;df klg 6]jf k'Ug] 5 . pBf]usf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ;x'lnot k"0f{ C0f, sRrf dfndf eG;f/ ;x'lnot / a}+ssf] Jofhdf ;'ljwf lbg nufOg' cfjZos 5 .

b]zsf] b'u{d / pQ/lt/ oftfoftsf] ljsf;n] kmnkm"n k|zf]wg, h8La'6L / kz'hGo pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf x'g'sf] ;fy} ko{6g pBf]unfO{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 . o; lglDt ;x'lnot k"0f{ C0f, cf}Bf]lus k|ljlw, cf}Bf]lus Joj:yfkg h:tf kIfx?df ;DjlGwt JolQmx?nfO{ tflnd lbO{ ahf/sf] ;d]t ;d'lrt Joj:yf ul/g' cfjZos 5 . h8La'6L pkof]usf] gfddf 7]s]bf/x?af6 h8La'6Lsf aLp g} g/fVg] jf pGd"ng ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ s8f sf/jfxLsf] cfjZostf 5 . ;fy} h8La'6L k|zf]wg / cf}ifwL sf/vfgf h8L a'6L k|fKt x'g] If]q d} :yfkgf ug{ nufOg' k5{ . ;bf b'j} l5d]sL b]zx?df dfq} lge{/ /xg gkg]{ cTofw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm pBf]ux?sf] lgldQ ax'/fli6«o k|ljlwx?nfO{ ;d]t cfjZos lgoGq0fsf ;fy} b]z lxtnfO Wofgdf /fvL leœofpg] gLlt agfpg hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .

xfd|f] b]zsf] e"uf]nn] xfdLnfO{ cGo pBf]ueGbf ko{6g pBf]unfO{ l56} ljsf; u/fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf lbPsf] 5 . ko{6g pBf]u ljb]zL d'b|f sdfpg] xfd|f] ;aeGbf /fd|f] >f]tdWo] Ps xf] . pBf]unfO{ rflxg] oGq / cGo ;fdfgsf] lglDt ljb]zL d'b|f ;f¥x} vf"rf] kb{5 . Tof] vf"rf] / /f]huf/sf] lglDt klg ko{6g pBf]unfO{ ljsf; u/fpg cfjZos 5 . b]zsf k'/ftflTjs P]ltxfl;s If]qx?nfO{ ko{6sLo :ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ g]dlskfn] hf]8\ lbg]5 . oftfoft / xjfO{ ;]jf ePsf ljleGg lhNnfx?nfO{ ;d]t ko{6g s]Gb|x?df kl/0ft ug{ ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{:ynx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ dflyNnf bhf{sf xf]6nx?sf] aGbf]j:t ug{, snfTds j:t'x?sf] Hof;nx? vf]Ng / ko{6sx?sf] ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . ko{6g pBf]uaf6 x'g] ;f+:s[lts k|b'if0fnfO{ ;d]t /f]Sg ;r]t x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf eg] g]dlskf ;+3if{/t /xg] 5 .

ljZjdf clxn] k[YjLs/0f (globalisation) sf] lgs} rrf{ eO/x]sf] 5 . pBf]u / Jofkf/df 7"nf] df5fn] ;fgf] df5fnfO{ vfg] gLltnfO{ ;fdfGo 36gfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . k[YjLs/0fsf] o; gf/fdf cy{tGq, Jofkf/, ahf/ nufot ;~rf/ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;af6 7"nf / alnof zlQmx?n] ;fgf / sdhf]/ jf ljsf;zLn b]zx?dfly cfkm\gf] k|e'Tj nfb\g] 5g\ . To;}n] k[YjLs/0f gjpklgj]zL–s/0f ug]{] ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] gof" Hofjn xf] / o:sf] lj/f]w cGo ljsf;zLn b]zx?;+u} xfdLn] klg ug'{kb{5 .

Jofkf/

b]zsf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljb]zdf a]Rg] / cfkm\gf] b]zdf gkfOg] cfjZos j:t'x? ljb]zaf6 NofO{ hgtfnfO{ ;:tf]df pknAw u/fpg] sfd Jofkf/n] u5{ . Jofkf/ ljgf b]zsf] vf+rf] k"/f x'+b}g / b]z ;DkGg klg x'+b}g . b]zsf] pTkfbgnfO{ lgof{t u/fpg] / b]zsf] pBf]u–wGbfnfO{ pT;flxt ug]{ vfnsf] Jofkf/ gLltnfO{ cjnDjg u/fOg' k5{ . rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAataf6 cfpg] ;fdfgdf ePsf] kIfkftnfO{ ;dfKt kfg'{ cfjZos 5 . xfd\f] b]zsf] pQ/L efusf] ljsf; ltAatsf] ljsf;;+u hf]l8Psf] 5 . ef/t / rLg b'j} l5d]sL d'n's ePsf] x'+bf b'O{ b]zdf ePsf] Jofkf/sf] e]befjnfO{ x6fpgsf] lglDt nf]sdt tof/ ug{ g]dlskfn] hf]8 lbg]5 cyf{t ef/tLo / lrgLof b'j} ;fdfgdf ;dfg ;'ljwf / ;dfg s/ k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g' kb{5 . g]kfnL hgtfn] ;:tf], c;n / /fd|f] ;fdfg kfpg b]zleq 5gf}6 u/fpg] ;DefjgfnfO{ a9fpg' kb{5 .

Jofkf/sf] ljsf;sf] lglDt rflxg] ;a} ;'ljwfx? Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ lbnfpg] gLlt tof/ ul/g' k5{ . t/ b]zsf] cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{, ;fdfg n'sfO{ s[lqd cefj v8f ug]{, ;Ldfsf] rf]/L Jofkf/, c:jfefljs d"No a[l4, sd;n / ld;fj6 ug]{ / To:tf] dfn leœofO hgtfsf] hLjg;+u v]njf8 ug]{ cflb Jofkf/sf sfnf] kIfnfO{ g]dlskf lj/f]w ub{5 .

sf]sfsf]nf, k]K;Lsf]nf, aLo/ h:tf k]o kbfy{ / cGo ljnfl;tfsf pBf]ux? / hf]8\g] pBf]ux?n] b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus/0fdf vf; xf};nf glbg] x'+bf ltgLx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg' x'Gg / cfwf/e"t pBf]udf hf]8 lbOg' k5{ . t/ pBf]udf e}/x]sf] cGtz'Ns rf]g]{, u'0f:t/df ¥xf; Nofpg] / cg'lrt d"No j[l4 ug]{nfO{ 5'6 lbg'x'Gg .

;/sf/sf] cg'bfg kfPsf jf k"0f{?kn] ;/sf/n] rnfPsf ;+:yfg / sf/vfgfx?dWo] (% k|ltzt 3f6fdf rln/x]sf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . dflyNnf ju{sf] ljz]if clwsf/ k|fKt sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgk/LtGq cyf{t Jo"/f]qm];L s} sf/0f cfly{s r'xfj6, e|i6frf/, a9L sd{rf/L ;+Vof, cfDbfgLeGbf a9L ;x'lnot, Joj:yfkgsf] cof]Uotf cflb ;+:yfgx?sf] b'b{zfsf sf/0fx? x'g\ . To;sf] h/f] kQf nufpg tTsfn} hf"r cfof]u v8f u/fOg' k5{ / ck/fwLx?nfO{ cfjZos ;hfo u/fO{ tL pBf]ux?nfO{ hf]ufpg] gLlt lnO{ lghLs/0fnfO{ /f]Sg nufpg g]dlskf ;+3if{ u5{ .

dhb'/

>d ;d:ofaf6 pBf]unfO{ d'Qm kfg{ dhb'/x?n] kfpg] plrt Hofnf / ;a} ;'ljwfx? lbg' k5{ / dhb'/x?sf] sfdsf] Uof/]G6L / ltgLx?sf] clwsf/x?sf] Uof/]G6L lbOg' k5{ . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df dhb'/ ju{sf] klg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g] x'"bf dhb'/x?nfO{ tflnd pknAw u/fpg], c:yfoL dhb'/x?nfO{ lgod adf]lhd :yfoL agfpg], cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx?s} ghLs dhb'/ j:tL / :jf:Yof]krf/sf] lgMz'Ns jGbf]j:t u/fpg] / Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t dhb'/x?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] P]g agfO{ pBf]u If]qdf zflGt :yfkgf / ljsf;nfO{ ;'lgZrttf lbnfpg g]dlskf ;+3if{/t /xg]5 . >dsf] cg'kftdf dhb'/sf] Hofnf ls6fg ug'{ kb{5 eGg] xfd|f] 7DofO 5 . dhb'/ ju{nfO{ HofjneGbf klg sd dxTj lbg] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg{ hf]8 lbg]5 . pBf]u / >d P]g lgdf{0f / ;+zf]wg ug{ pBf]uklt / dhb'/ ;+3x?sf] ;Nnfx lng] jGbf]j:t u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . dhb'/ lj/f]wL P]g lgodsf] lj/f]wdf g]dlskf ;bf cufl8 a9\g] 5 .

oftfoft / ;+rf/

oftfoft / ;+rf/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] lglDt clgjfo{ ;fwgx? x'g\ . ;8s / oftfoft b]zsf] efUo/]vf g} xf] . oftfoft ljgf g s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ;:tf]df b]zsf] Ps efuaf6 csf]{ efudf nfg ;lsG5 g t pBf]usf] nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{ / tof/L dfn ;fdfgnfO{ j;f/– k;f/ ug{ ;lsg] 5 . 5f]6f]df oftfoft g} b]zsf] /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ xf] . To;}n] ;8s lgdf{0fdf / oftfoftsf cGo ;+:yfx?df e}/x]sf e|i6frf/ / sdLzg tGqsf] lj/f]w ug'{ kb{5 . ;8s lgdf{0fdf ePsf e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfs} sf/0f b'3{6gfx? al9/x]sf 5g\ .

;'s'Djf;L ;d:of, jg ljgfz, s[lif / pBf]usf] ljsf; gx'g' 5f]6f]df b]z cufl8 a9\g g;Sg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} oftfoftsf] ljsf; gx'g' xf] . pQ/L If]qdf oftfoftsf] ljsf; ePsf] eP kmnkm"n, pmg, df;', h8La'6L jf cGo j:t' ;:tf]df b]zn] kfpg] lyof], ;:tf]df cfjZos ;fdfg k'u]/ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7\g] lyof] . To:tf] l:yltdf kxf8af6 dflg;x?sf] t/fOdf cf]O/f] nfUg] lyPg, jg ljgfz / ;'s'Djf;L ;d:of em]Ng' kg]{ lyPg . o;sf/0f ;+ej ePsf ;a} c+rn, lhNnf / ufp"df ;8s / /Hh' dfu{ jf s]j'nsf/sf] jGbf]j:t u/fpg k|fyldstf lbOg' k5{ . pQ/L If]qsf] x/]s lhNnfx?df ;8s k'¥ofpg / ;8s algg;s]sf] ljs6 7fp"x?df xfnnfO{ /Hh'dfu{ / xjfO oftfoftsf] aGbf]j:tsf] lglDt g]dlskfn] cfjfh p7fpg] 5 . zx/L If]qsf] lglDt u'Gb|'s em} vf+lbg] / 306f} kv{g' kg]{ c;'/lIft / cJojl:yt a; ;]jfsf] 7fp+df 6«nL a;, 6«fd / 7"nf] dfqfdf /fd|f] a; ;]jfsf] aGbf]j:t u/fpg cfjZos 5 . o;af/] g]dlskfsf k|ltlglwx?n] ;+;bdf Wofgfsif{0f, k|Zg / cGo pkfoåf/f ;/sf/sf] csd{0otfaf/] pbf+Uofpg] sfo{ u/]sf lyP .

hn ljB'tsf] k|r'/ ;+efjgf ePsf] b]z x'+bf ljh'nLaf6 rNg] /]n, 6«fd / 6«nLa;x?sf] hfn lj5\ofpg ;lsG5 . To;n] t]nsf] lgldt vlr{g] ljb]zL d'b|f aRg] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ jfo' k|b'if0f klg 36\g] 5 . b]zdf hn oftfoftsf ;+efjgfx? 5g\ . To;af/] klg ulx/f] cWoog / hf+r a'em u/fpg' k5{ eGg]af/] xfd|f k|ltlglwx?n] ;bgdf p7fPsf lyP / cfufdL lbgx?df klg p7fpg] g} 5g\ .

cfh /]l8of] / l6=eL=h:tf ;+rf/sf ;fwgx? ;QfkIf s} k|rf/sf] Psnf}6L ePsf 5g\ . ;+rf/sf ;fwgx?nfO{ ;/sf/L lgoGq0faf6 :jtGq u/fOg' kb{5 .

;+rf/sf ;fwg ;f"r} eg"" eg] 5f8f uLt / gfrx?af6 lj6'lnPsf 5g\ . To:tf b'u{GwnfO{ x6fP/ lzIffd"ns, 1fgj4{s / :j:y dgf]/+hgsf] ;"rgfsf] >f]t agfOg' k5{ . To;df ePsf cg]s gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, 7fn'jfb / e|i6frf/nfO{ lgd"{n ul/g' k5{ . b]zsf] b'u{d If]qsf u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t cfsfzjf0fL / ;+ej ePsf 7fp"x?df l8lh6n 6]lnkmf]g, u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'¥ofpg' k5{ . Jofks dfqfdf 6]lnkmf]g ljqmL ljt/0f ubf{ b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ g} kmfObf x'g] u5{ . o;af/] Wofg gk'¥ofO{ kIfkft u/L jf 7"nf] /sd lnO{ 6]lnkmf]g lbg] Joj:yfdf /f]s nufOg' k5{ . o;sf/0f g]dlskf ljgf s'g} jfwf–Jojwfg jf ;/n?kn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] ljt/0f ug{ hf]8 lbG5 .

lzIff

lzIffnfO{ pTkfbg >d;+u ldnfpg] gLlt cg';f/ 6«]8 :s"n, k|fljlws :s"n / cGo /f]huf/d"ns lzIffnfO{ hf]8 lb+b} k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffsf] vr{nfO{ pRr lzIffsf] xf/f–xf/Ldf k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . lzIffsf] ljljw If]qx?sf] /sdnfO{ /fd|f] ;b'kof]u ug]{ xf] eg] dfWoflds lzIff dfq} xf]Og pRr lzIff ;d]tnfO{ lgMz'Ns ug{ ;lsG5 / k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf gof" kfOnf rfNg nufpg g]dlskf nfuL kg]{5.

g]dlskf k|fyldsb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd lgMz'Nssf ;fy} :t/Lo lzIffsf] kIfdf b[9 /xg] 5 . lghL If]qsf ljBfnox?sf] Jofkf/L– s/0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ul/g' cfjZos 5 . b'u{d lhNnfx?df lgDg dfWolds :s"n;Dd lgMz'Ns 5fqfjf;sf] Joj:yf u/fpg† c+u|]hL, ul0ft / lj1fg h:tf ljifosf] lzIffsf] :t/ ljsf; ug{ lzIfsx?sf] ;3g tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ rnfpg† k|f}9 lzIff, dlxnf lzIff / cGo z}lIfs tflnd rnfpg, tL tflndx? k|rf/fTds emf/f 6fg]{ h:tf] geO{ z}lIfs :t/ p7fpg hf]8 lbOPsf] x'g' k5{ . lzIff If]qdf ePsf] c/fhstf / clgoldttfn] lzIf0f k]zfk|lt ljt[i0ff a9]sf] kfOG5 To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ul/g' k5{ / pRr lzIffsf lzIfsx?sf] d]xgtnfO{ k"0f{?kn] pkof]u u/fOg' k5{ .

k'/ftflTjs / P]ltxfl;s dxTj ePsf :yn, snfTds j:t', d7–dlGb/sf] ;+/If0f sfo{df cfjZos tbf?stf k'u]sf] 5}g . k|frLg gfrufgnfO{ ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{ ;f+:s[lts Ps]8]dLsf] Joj:yf ug{, b]zsf] sfi7snf, d"lt{snf, jf:t'snf / gfrufgnfO{ nf]k x'gaf6 arfpg] dfq} xf]Og ljsf; ug{ klg ;DjlGwt dxfljBfnox? :yfkgf u/fpg g]dlskf cfjZos ;DemG5 . k|fylds lzIff dft[ efiff d} lbnfpg] / d}lynL, cjlw, ef]hk'/L, g]jf/L, u'?ª, du/, /fO{ , lnDa' tfdfª, yf? cflb ;a} /fli6«o efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf; ug{ ax'efifL ;flxTo Ps]8]dL :yfkgfsf] If]qdf g]dlskf /xg] 5 jf ePsf] k|1f k|lti7fgnfO{ cem Jofks agfpg' k5{ . ;a} If]q / ju{sf o'jf hgtfsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf] lgldQ v]ns'bsf] ljsf; ug{ ;DjlGwt ;+:yfnfO{ k'gMlgdf{0f u/fpg / To;df ePsf] e|i6frf/, kIfkft / clgoldttfsf] Jofks hf+r a'em u/fOg' k5{ eGg] b[li6sf]0f g]dlskfsf] 5 .

wd{ / snf ;+:s[lt

wd{ JolQmut ljZjf;sf] ljifo x'gfn] To;df /fHosf] s'g} x:tIf]k x'g' jf Pp6f wd{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbP/ csf]{ wd{nfO{ xf]Rofpg] ug'{ /fhg}lts b[li6n] ;f¥x} lj/fdk"0f{ x'g]5 . o;sf/0f ;a} gful/s– x?nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] ljZjf; cg';f/ wd{ dfGg 5'6 lbOg' k5{ t/ k|nf]eg lbP/ wd{ kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf eg] g]dlskf 5}g .

;dfh ljsf;sf] ljljw r/0fdf ;femf ;'wf/ Nofpg cfjZostf cg';f/ ljljw wd{ ljsf; ePsf] xf] . cfh klg ljleGg wd{n] bof, dfof, zflGt, ;xof]u, cfTdz'l4, dfbs kbfy{ / Jolerf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg]{ sfd ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf ljBdfg 5 . b]z / hgtfsf] lxt x'g] wfld{s ultljlw / /Lltl/jfhnfO{ xfd|f] kf6L{n] lj/f]w ug]{ 5}g . wd{n] klg b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{ lbg' k5{ eGg] kIfdf g]dlskf hf]8 lbg rfxG5 .

g]kfndf wd{n] klg ;+:s[ltnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fv]sf] 5 . cg]s lsl;dsf gfr–ufg,/Lltl/jfh,ehg cflb g]kfnL hgtfsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf x'g\ . o;sf/0f ltgLx?sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ xfdL cg'ej ub{5f}+ .

b]zsf] snf–;+:s[lt / k'/ftTjaf/] dfWolds sIffsf kf7\ok':tsdf / g]kfnL jf:t'snfaf/] OlGhgLol/· kf7oqmddf ;dfj]z ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

t/ wd{sf] gfddf x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] zf]if0fnfO{ aGb ul/g' k5{ . d7 dlGb/ / cGo wfld{s ;+:yfsf] ;DkltnfO{ wd{sf s]xL 7]s]bf/x?n] u/L cfPsf] b'?kof]u /f]Sg' / To;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ klg plts} h?/L 5 . tL ;Dkltx?nfO{ gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] xftdf ;'lDkg' k5{ jf To;nfO{ nf]s sNof0fsf] sfddf nufOg' cfjZos 5 .

snf / ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ljw]os @)%! nfO{ k|:t't ug{ ;DjlGwt dGqL / ;+:yfx?;+u klg g]dlskfn] ;DjGw /fv]sf] lyof] . To; v];|f ljw]osn] g]kfnsf k'/ftflTjs, P]ltxfl;s snf / ;f+:s[lts dxTj ePsf] :yn, :yfg / j:t'x?sf] Ps /fli6«o ;"rL tof/ ug]{, To:tf :yn / j:t'x?nfO{ Dxf:g] / laufg{ gkfpg], ;+/If0f ug{ ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo ;/sf/x?n] klg ;DjlGwt JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ ;x'lnot / d'cfAhf ;d]t lbO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ pkfox? pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .

Tof] ljw]os klg g]dlskfn] k6s–k6s btf{ u¥of] t/ ;/sf/n] 5nkmndf Nofpg] cf"6 u/]g . oBlk ;/sf/n] k|flrg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g @)!# nfO{ ;+zf]wg kf/Lt u¥of] . t/ Jojxf/df nfu" ePsf] 5}g . df}lns :j?k d} lgdf{0f ug]{ 3/ wgLnfO{ sf7df /fhZj -/f]oN6L_, d"No clea[l4 s/ / cGtz'Ns 5'6, !) k|ltzt;Dd cfly{s cg'bfg nufotsf snf–;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ 6]jf lbg] k|fjwfgx?nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" u/fpg g]dlskfn] hf]8 lb+b} hfg]5 .

k|zf;g / sd{rf/L

k|zf;gdf ePsf] gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfnfO{ lgd"{n ug{ k|zf;gnfO{ lglZrt 7"nf–j8f kl/jf/ / hfltsf] k]jf x'gaf6 arfpg' k5{ . ljifoj:t'df bIftf / nugzLntf afx]s OdfGbf/L, b]zeQm, k|hftflGqs efjgf / hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ efjgf g} sd{rf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]Uotf xf] . k|zf;gnfO{ kf6L{sf] k|efj / bnLo /fhgLltaf6 6f9f /flvg' k5{ . k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd, l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf] vf"rf] 5 To;nfO{ OGsf/ ug'{x'Gg .

k|zf;gdf ePsf] xLgtfaf]w / e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]Sgsf] lglDt tNnf] sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna dflyNnf sd{rf/Lx?sf] eGbf w]/} u'0ff km/s x'g lbgx'Gg . tNnf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnadf ztk|ltzt a[l4, ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfjf;sf] aGbf]j:t, ltgLx?sf s]6fs]6LnfO{ :s"nsf] aGbf]j:t / kbf]glGtsf] lglDt tflnd / cWoogsf] ;'ljwf cflb of]Uotf, h]i7tf / bIftfsf] cfwf/df ljgf e]befj lbOg' k5{ . sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna a9\b} uPsf] ahf/ efp;+u} a9fp"b} nlug' cfjZos 5 . To;sf] lglDt g]dlskf ;+3if{ ug{ jrga4 5 . :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] ;d:of sd{rf/Lx?sf] lglDt ;bf ;+qf;sf] ljifo x'g] u5{ . ;/sf/L ;'ljwf cToGt gk'u 5 / cg]s l5b|x?n] el/Psf] 5 . o;sf/0f k|of]usf] lglDt sf7df08f}df s]xL If]qsf lglDt Ps :jf:Yo jLdf nfu" u/]/ gof" k|of]u yflng' k5{ .

jftfj/0f

xfdL ;a} b]zsf dflg; / k|f0fLx? Pp6} k[YjLsf xf}+ . xfd|f] jfo'd08n Pp6} 5 . Ps b]z jf s'g} If]qsf] jftfj/0fsf] k|b'if0fsf] k|efj k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] l9nf] rf"8f] ;a} b]zsf dfgj hfltnfO{ dfq xf]Og ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLdfly g} k5{ . To;df wgL / u/Lj eGg] 5}g . jg ljgfz, ljgf of]hgfsf] a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f, hg;+Vofsf] clgolGqt j[l4, cf}Bf]lus b]zx?sf] ljj]slxg cf}Bf]lus gLlt jf pBf]ukltx?sf] nf]ssNof0f eGbf gfkmfsf] lrGtf, k|fs[lts >f]tx?sf] cJojl:yt pkof]u, ;}lgs k|e'Tjsf] lgldQ zlQm /fi6«x?sf] /f;folgs, h}ljs, cf0fljs xft–xltof/sf] lgdf{0fsf] xf]8 / o'4n] k[YjLsf] tftf]kg, d?e"ld–s/0f a9]sf] 5 / cf]hf]g tx kftln+b} uPsf] 5 . o;n] jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fnfO{ a9fp"b}5 . leotgfd o'4sf] a]nf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] v;fn]sf] ad / k|of]u u/]sf] /f;folgs kbfy{x?n] xhf/f}+ cfdf / lzz'x? ;d]t dg'{ / af"Rg'sf] bf];f+wdf 5g\, sof}+ 3fts /f]ux? km}lnPsf] 5 . vf8L ;d:of jf O/fsdflysf] ;+=/f= cd]l/sf / a]nfotsf] xdnfsf] sf/0f o'4n] Toxf"sf ad, af?b / t]nsf vfgLx?df nfu]sf] cfuf]n] ;"o{ b]Vg uf¥xf] ePsf] lyof] . cDn jiff{ / sfnf] kfgLsf] jiff{ x'"b}5, s]6fs]6L / a"9f a"9L /f]usf lzsf/ eP, hldg / kfgLsf r/fr'?·Lx? d/] . O/fsdfly ;fd|fHojfbL cfqmd0f / gfsfjGbLaf6 * jif{df !* nfv s]6fs]6L, j[4x? / cGo hgtf ef]sKof; / cf}ifwL pkrf/ ljgf d/] . To;sf] k|efj g]kfnsf] s[lif / xfd|f] hLjgdf klg kg]{5 . To:t} g]kfnsf] jftfj/0fsf] k|b'if0fsf] k|efj cGo b]z jf ;+;f/df kg]{ 5 . xfd|f] b]z cfh jg ljgfz, e"–Ifo, kmf]x/ kfgL / w'+jfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ clu|d jGbf]j:tsf] cefjdf pBf]ux? vf]Ng lbg] sfd / gu/kflnsfx?n] kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ :jR5 agfpg] sfddf b]vfPsf] j]jf:tfn] ubf{ k|b"if0fsf] k|sf]k ljs/fn x'"b}5 . o;nfO{ ;dod} lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] ljsf; :jo+ eidf;"/nfO{ j/bfg x'g]5 .

o;sf/0f xfd|f] kf6L{ o; k|sf]knfO{ /f]Sg j[If/f]k0f ug]{, e"–:vng /f]Sg], k|f}9 lzIff, dlxnf lzIff / kf7\oqmddf ;d]t j[If/f]k0f / e"–:vng /f]Sg] lzIff lbg] / Jofks hgtfnfO{ j[If/f]kgsf] cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo u/fpg] kIfdf 5 . xhf/f}+ ;+Vofdf j[If/f]k0f sfo{df gof" sd{rf/Lx? lgo'lQm u/]/ jg ljsf; ;+/If0f / /f]huf/sf] gof" ;+3f/ vf]Ng, afNg] / efG;fsf] sfd lglDt ;d]t ;:tf]df ljh'nL pknAw u/fpg, j}1flgs r'nf], ;f}/ phf{af6 ;+rflnt r'nf]x? ;:tf] / ;'ne tl/sfn] ljqmL ljt/0f u/L sf7–bfp/f hf]ufpg / w'+jf sd u/fpg, gbL / kf]v/Lx?nfO{ ;kmf /fVg zx/af6 aUg] kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ pkrf/ kf]v/Lx?sf] aGbf]j:t u/fpg, sf/vfgfsf b'lift kfgL gbLdf aUg glbO{ To;sf] klg pkrf/ kf]v/L agfpg lbg g]dlskf ;+3if{ ug]{5 . a:tL glhs jf a:tLlt/ w'+jf ghfg] lx;fan] dfq} sf/vfgfx? :yfkgf ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] gLlt ckgfpg' k5{ . xfn pBf]ux?af6 e}/xsf] k|b"if0f x6fpg Ps pRr:t/Lo hf+r cfof]u dfkm{t sf/vfgf cGoq ;fg]{ xf] jf k|b'if0f /f]Sg] pkfox?af/] lbOg] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ sfd u/fpg g]dlskf k|oTgzLn /xg]5 .

:jf:Yo

hgtfsf] ;f¥x} tNnf] hLjg:t/, :jf:Yo k|ltsf] hfu?stfsf] cefj / hg:jf:Yoaf/] cfh;Dd ;/sf/sf] x]nrqm\ofO{+n] ubf{ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ s'v'/f af;]/ xf]Og ‘vf]sLn] p7fpg]’ u5{ . ;f"r} eg"" eg] tNnf] ju{sf x/]s kl/jf/df /f]uL gePsf] 3/ x'"b}g .

o;sf/0f k+rfotL ;/sf/sf] h:tf] :jf:Yodf hgtfnfO{ ‘Go"gtd ;x'lnot’ sf] gLlt xf]Og oyf]lrt jf clwstd ;x'lnotsf] aGbf]j:t ug]{ gLlt ckgfpg' k5{ . To;sf] lglDt zx/ / t/fO{df hg;+Vofsf] 3gTj / kxf8df b"/Lsf] lx;fjn] :jf:Yo rf}sL, :jf:Yo s]Gb| / c:ktfnx?sf] aGbf]j:t u/fOg' cfjZos 5 .

sf7df08f}sf c:ktfnx? jL/ c:ktfn, k|;'tL u[x, kf6g c:ktfn, jg]kf ldzg c:ktfndf ;d]t x'g] 3'"O{rf] x]bf{ eO{/x]sf] / kl5 x'g] af6f]–3f6f]sf] ;d]t ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ pkTosf d} eQmk'/sf] / cGo @–# j6f c:ktfnnfO{{ ljsf; ug'{ kg]{5 . a9\bf] hg;+VofnfO{ x]bf{ pkTosfdf tTsfn} @–# j6f k|;'tL u[xsf] cfjZostf 5 . To:t} sf7df08f}df aflx/af6 cfpg] /f]uLx?sf] rfknfO{ 36fpg cTofw'lgs ;fwg / bIf lrlsT;sx? ePsf] kxf8 / t/fO{, k"j{ / klZrddf u/L $ j6f Jojl:yt c:ktfnx? cfjZos 5 . To;afx]s b'u{d / ljs6 If]qdf klg oyf]lrt Wofg lbOg' cfjZos 5 . g]dlskf o:tf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]V5 / sfo{ k"/f u/fpg sDd/ s:g] 5 . ;/sf/sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ePsf] gftfjfb, s[kfjfb / e|i6frf/ x6fO{ b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf ug]{ 8fS6/ tyf cGo :jf:Yo sdL{x?nfO{ ;'ljwfsf] Uof/]G6L / yk ;'ljwf lbO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf cfhsf] eGbf a9L ;lqmo, kmnbfoL / ;]jfd"ns u/fOg' cfjZos 5 . pkrf/nfO{ ;:tf] agfpg tyf ;+efljt s'k|efjaf6 /f]uLx?nfO{ arfpg lrgLof l;of] pkrf/ ljlw -cs'k~r/_, xf]ldof]Koflys, cfo'j{]lbs :jf:Yo ;]jf h:tf] cGo :jf:Yo ;]jfx?nfO{ klg plrt k|f]T;fxg lbOg' kb{5 .

:yfgLo efiffsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ /f]u, kf]if0f, ;/–;kmfO{ cflb ljifodf 1fg lbnfO{ pkrf/fTds eGbf k|ltsf/fTds cyf{t /f]usf] pkrf/ ug'{ eGbf /f]uaf6 aRg] pkfox?df Wofg lbnfpg] gLlt cfjZos 5 . z/L/nfO{ :j:y /fVg r'/f]6, cdn, /S;L / cGo kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{ v/fa afgLnfO{ /f]Sg' kb{5 / kl/jf/ lgof]hg / dft[lzz' sNof0fnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfOg' k5{ . To;sf] lglDt ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df r'/f]6 jf cdn vfg aGb ug]{ P]g agfpg], dlxnf ;fIf/tf, k|f}9 / cGo :s"nx?sf 5fq–5fqfnfO{ klg :jf:Yo lzIff lbO{ hgtfdf :jf:Yo k|ltsf] ;r]ttf a9fpg cleofg rnfpg] kIfdf g]dlskf ;+nUg /xg] 5 .

ljb]zLn] Nofpg] P8\; h:tf] k|f0f3fts /f]usf] xjfO{ c8\8f / cGo k|j]z åf/x?df k/LIf0f u/fOg' k5{ . hgtf–hgtf;Dd :jf:Yo–af/] ;r]t kfg{ xhf/f}+ gof" :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x?nfO{ gof" ;]jfdf elt{ ul/g' cfjZos 5 . To;n] Psflt/ ;]jf a9\g] 5 / csf]{lt/ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf lzlIft a]/f]huf/L x6\g]5 .

:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ lgMz'Ns / :t/Lo agfp"b} nfgsf] lglDt x/]s c+rndf c+rn :t/Lo c:ktfn rfn" /fVg], To;sf] lglDt cfjZos dWod–:t/sf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] hgzlQm tof/ ug]{, dxfljBfnox? :yfkgf ug]{ / lrlsT;f SofDk;nfO{ cem lj:t[t u/fOg' k5{ / lrlsT;s cWofkgdf ePsf] kIfkft /f]Sg' k5{ .

hnljB't

jg / s[lif h:t} b]zsf] ;Dkbf hn>f]t g} xf] . hn>f]tsf] plrt pkof]u gx'+bf x/If0f x/kn b]zsf] nfvf}+, s/f]8f}+ wg jf zlQmnfO{ l;Q} aufp"b} 5f}+ . gbLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ cfjZos Jofks of]hgf gx'+bf wghgsf] 7"nf] Ifltklg b]z / hgtfn] x/]s jif{ ef]Ug jfWo 5g\ . To:tf gbL–gfnfnfO{ g]dlskf l;+rfO{, dT:o kfng, hndfu{ / ljB't >f]tdf kl/0ft ug{ rfxG5 .

xfd|f] kf6L{ b]zsf] o; clt dxTjk"0f{ zlQm / ;DklQnfO{ cfkm\g} b]zsf] lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ldq /fi6«x?;+u ldn]/ b]zsf] df]x8f km]g{ rfxG5 . ljh'nLsf] k|r'/ pTkfbgnfO{ kf6L{n] l5d]sL b]zx?nfO{ a]r]/ cfjZos j:t' cfk"lt{ ug]{, bfp/f, sf]Onf / t]nsf] 7fp"nfO{ ljh'nLaf6 k"/f u/L jg–ljgfz, jfo' k|b'if0f / ljb]zL d'b|fsf] 7"nf] /fzLnfO{ /Iff ug]{ gLlt cufl8 n}hfg' k5{ eGg] kIfdf g]dlskf 5 . ;fgf of]hgfx?nfO{ hf]8 lb+b} ljB't zlQmsf] ljsf;af6 oftfoft, pBf]u, s[lif / b}lgs hLjg cyf{t b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; u/fpg] kIfdf 5 .

t/ o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;DklQ / zlQmnfO{ s'g} klg kf6L{ jf ;/sf/n] b]z / hgtfsf] lxt lj?4 k|of]u ug{ glbg] c7f]6 g]kfn dhb'/– ls;fg kf6L{ u5{ . o; zlQmnfO{ s'g} b]zn] 7Ug lbg' x'Gg eGg] ljifodf g]dlskf ;r]t 5 . o;sf/0f k'gM sf]zL / u08sL h:tf of]hgfx?df g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxtsf] alnbfg gxf];\ eg]/} dxsfnL gbLsf] kfgL, ljh'nL / ;fj{ef}ldstfaf/] g]dlskfn] g]kfnL sf+u|]; / Pdfn]sf] eGbf leGg dt /fv]sf] xf] .

kfgL / lah'nLsf] c;dfg ljt/0fsf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] dxfsfnL ;GwLnfO{ g]dlskfn] /fi6«3ftL ;GwL 7x/ u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f] ;GwLsf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg (DPR) ^ dlxgfleq tof/ e};Sg' kg]{df cfh @ jif{ gfl3;Sbf klg lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg (DPR) tof/ gePsf]n] g]dlskf pQm ;lGw vf/]h ePsf] dfGb5 .

Gofo Joj:yf

k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] sfn/fqLdf hgtfn] Gofo kfpg' stf stf GofofwLzx? :jo+ lgikIf Gofo lbg k|zf;g;+u cft+lst x'g' kb{Yof] . ljlwsf] zf;g t ;kgfsf] s'/f lyof] . Gofo ug]{ GofofwLzx?n] ckfos lhNnf vl6g' kb{{Yof] cyjf cGo k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;hfo+ ef]Ug' kb{Yof] . Gofolwzx?sf] kfl/>lds, eQf / cGo ;'ljwfx?sf] Go"gtfn] cf–cfkm\gf] OHht hf]ufpg wf}wf} kb{Yof] . ‘ef]sf]n] s] ub}{g <’ eGg] pvfg GofofwLzx?nfO{ klg nfu" x'g' cfZro{ lyPg . gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, rfs8L, rfKn';Ln] Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ ;tfPsf] lyof] . 5f]6f]df OdfGbf/L, lgikIftf, Goflos u/Ldfsf] s'g} d"No lyPg . a? Tof] t ;?jf–a9'jfsf] lglDt gsf/fTds k|of; ;fljt x'GYof]. o;sf/0f Gofokflnsf :jtGq /fVg, Gofo k|zf;gdf eO/xsf ;a} cJoj:yfnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ jf/ P;f]l;o;g / e"tk"j{ GofofwLzx?sf] Ps cfof]u dfkm{t k|zf;g ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf t'?Gt} ug{ / ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ Gofo If]qdf s8fOsf ;fy nfu" u/fpg g]dlskf ;bf cufl8 /xg] 5 . ;fy} Gofo k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx?dfly klg Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

k//fi6« gLlt

xfd|f] k//fi6« gLltsf] cfwf/ /fi6«x?sf] :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, cfk;L lxt, /fli6«o cv08tf, 3/]n' dfdnfdf cx:tIf]k, o'4af6 xf]Og 5nkmnaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ x'g'k5{ .

b]zx? aLrsf] s6'tfefjn] cl:y/tf / czflGtnfO{ dfq lgDTofpg] 5, ;xof]u / ;b\efjgf xf]Og . o;y{ ljZjsf] s'g} klg efudf zflGtdf vnn Nofpg] s'lT;t k|of; jt{dfg o'udf ;du| ljZjnfO{ g} k|efljt kfg]{ vfnsf] k|of; 7xl/g] x'gfn] To;nfO{ ljZj zflGtdf ;d]t vnn Nofpg] sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf lnOg' kb{5 . alnof]n] lgwf{nfO{ / zlQmzfnLn] sdhf]/nfO{ lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ s'k|j[lt ;+;f/af6 cem} d]l6Psf] 5}g a? sxL+ sxL+ a9]s} 5 . zflGtsf lgldQ afws To:tf k|j[ltx? s'g} vf; b]z jf If]q ljz]ifsf lglDt dfq xf]Og, ;du| ljZj / dfgj hflts} nflu ;d]t vt/gfs 7xl/g ;Sg] x'gfn] To:tf k|j[ltdfly c+s'z nufpg' kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf klg cfkm\gf] 7fp"df 5"b}+5 . o;sf/0f ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL zflGt cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 .

g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt b]zsf] :jtGqtf / ;fj{ef}lstf hf]ufpg] vfnsf], t]>f] ljZjsf] kIfdf zlQm /fi6«x?sf] lyrf]ldrf], ;}lgs zlQmsf] bjfjsf] s'6gLlt jf cfly{s gfsfjGbLsf] lj/f]wdf nlIft x'g'k5{ . ‘;}lgs zlQmsf] hj/h:tLsf] s'6gLlt’ jf ‘tf]k] 8'"ufsf] s'6gLlt’ h:tf ;fd|fHojfbL / cfqmfds gLltsf] g]dlskf ;bf lj/f]w ul//xg] 5 .

g]dlskfn] b]zsf] d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Ddsf ;Ldf cltqmd0fsf] lj/f]wdf ;8s / ;bgdf ultljlw ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;':tf, dx]zk'/, d]rL gbL, ltnf7L / nfnfk§L, dxfsfnLdf ePsf] ef/tLo cltqmd0f, sfnfkfgL If]qdf ef/tLo ;]gfsf] pkl:yltnfO{ lj/f]w ub}{ hfg]5 . ;fy} g]kfndf /x]sf e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ ;Sbf] l56f] :jb]z kmsf{pg k|of; hf/L /fVg] 5 .

e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf] lglDt g]kfn t]>f] d'n's xf] . ltgLx?nfO{ ef/tLo k|x/Lx?n] 6«sx?df xfNb} g]kfn k'¥ofPsf lyP . :jb]z kms{g rfxg] e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ ef/tLo k|x/Lx?n] Toxf" gk7fO{ k'gMg]kfn k7fpg] u/]sf] x'"bf o; ;d:ofsf] sf/s tTj ef/t g} xf] eGg] xfd|f] 7x/ 5 . o;sf/0f e"6fgL z/0ffyL{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ef/tsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cufl8 ;fg'{ k5{ eGg] g]dlskfsf] b[li6sf]0f 5 .

gful/stf

g]kfnsf ;a} ;f"rf gful/sx?n] ;'ne t/Lsfaf6 gful/stf kfpg' k5{ / u}/–gful/sx?n] gful/stf kfpg' x'Gg . To;sf] hf"ra'emsf] lglDt Ps ;j{bnLo 5fgjLg ;ldltaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ l5gf]kmfgf] ul/g g]dlskf nfuL kg]{5 .

b]zsf] pQ/L tyf b'u{d If]qsf] ljsf;

oftfoftsf] cefjn] pQ/L If]q ;f¥x} kl5 k/]sf] 5 . sf7df08f}df @ ;o ?k}ofn] lbg] l;d]G6 8f]Nkf k'Ubf #,))).– ?k}of+ k'U5 . o;sf/0f tL If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ oftfoftsf] ;'ljwfdf k|fyldstf lbOg' kb{5 . To;n] /f]huf/sf gof" ;+efjgf v'Ng] 5 . xfn !^ lhNnfsf] s]xL 7fp"df dfq kz'kfngsf] ljsf; ug{ r/0f of vr{sf] aGbf]j:t 5, To;sf] ;+VofnfO{ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf a[l4 u/fOg' k5{ . sfuh / skf; pBf]unfO{ ljsf; ug'{'k5{ . rfdn, g"g jf cGo sf]6fx?nfO{ 36fpg] xf]Og a? a9fOg' k5{ . pQ/L e]usf b'u{d If]qx?sf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf] nflu Ps clwsf/ ;DkGg cg';Gwfg k|fljlws 6f]nL v6fOg' k5{ . xjfO{ / x]lnsK6/ ;]jfdf a[l4 ug'{ k5{ / ltAat;+usf] Jofkf/nfO{ v's'nf] kfg'{ k5{ . ;fy} ltAatsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;n] g]kfnsf] pQ/L If]qsf] cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug] x'"bf tfSnfsf]6 h:t} ltAjtsf ljleGg gfsfx?;+u ;8s hf]l8g' k5{ / a}+sx?sf] :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ .

nf]ssNof0f / z}lIfs a]/f]huf/af/]

c;xfo, a[4, ckf+u, c+wf, alx/f h:tf czQm hgtfsf] lglDt cfb/ lgs]tg, c;xfo cf>dsf] aGbf]j:t / ltgLx?sf] sfd–dfdsf] k"0f{ aGbf]j:t u/fOg' k5{ . o;df ;/sf/n] ljz]if Wofg lbg nufpg g]dlskf hf]8 lbG5 .

j[If/f]k0f, af6f] agfpg], :jf:Yo sfo{stf{, k|f}9 :s"nsf] lzIfs, hn ljB't, gx/, s'nf] / cGo lgdf{0f sfo{x?, ;fOsn, df]6/, /]l8of], 38L, l6eL / cGo oflGqs ;fdfg dd{t ug]{ ld:qLx? / s'6L/ tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux?df nfvf}+–nfv b]zjf;Lx?nfO{ tflnd / /f]huf/ lbg] gLlt gagfP;Dd nf]s sNof0f / ljsf;df z}lIfs a]/f]huf/ / o'jf k':tfaf6 oyf]lrt ;]jf k'Ug] 5}g eGg] s'/fdf g]dlskf b[9 5 .

ufp" ufp"df lghL Hof;n rnfpg] sfdL, bdfO{{, l;sdL{, s'Dxfn] / cGo sfnLu9x?nfO{ C0fx? pknAw u/fO{ >d / ;Lksf] pkof]u u/fOg' k5{ . g]dlskf o; sfo{df ;bf k|oTgzLn /xg]5 . hn >f]tsf] wgL b]zdf hgtfnfO{ vfg]kfgL;Dd pknAw gx'g' lj8Djgfsf] s'/f xf] . xfd|f] kf6L{ z'4 vfg]kfgLsf] jGbf]j:t u/fpg k|fyldstf lbg] 5 .

dlxnf / afn clwsf/af/]

;+ljwfgdf dlxnfx?nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] s'/f ;dfa]z ub{}df / P]gdf pNn]v x'"b}df k""hLjfbL Joj:yfdf ;dfgtf k|fKt x'"b}g . dlxnfx? :jo+ lzlIft / xs–clwsf/sf] nflu gp7];Dd ;dfgtfsf] s'/f k':tsleq} /xG5 . To;}n] g]dlskf dlxnf hfu/0f cfGbf]ng / lzIffdf ljz]if hf]8 lbG5 .

dlxnf ;dfgtfnfO{ ;DklQsf] xs dfq} xf] eGg] cy{df lnOg' x'Gg . ;'s'Djf;L, sd}of,ul/j ls;fg / ;j{xf/f ju{sf dlxnfx?nfO{ ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] s]xL cy{ /xGg . k'?if k|wfg ;dfh / ;fdGtL ;+:sf/sf clzlIft / cr]ltt dlxnfsf] xftsf] ;DklQn] kfl/jfl/s snx / ljs[ltnfO{ 6]jf lbg] ;+efjgf lg/fwf/ 5}g .

dlxnfsf] cnu ju{ 5}g . ;dfhdf JofKt u/LaL, clzIff, /f]huf/sf] cefj / lubf]{ cfly{s :t/ g} dlxnf a]rljvgsf] sf/0f xf] . dlxnf a]rlavgdf bf]ifL 7xl/PsfnfO{ s8f sf/jfxL gx'gfn] klg of] ck/fw lgoGq0f ePsf] 5}g . ltns k|yf / bfOhf] k|yf h:tf sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg{, k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnfx?nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIff / ufp" ufp"df /f]huf/sf] aGbf]j:t ug{ g]dlskf lqmofzLn /xg]5 .

afn d[To'b/ ;aeGbf a9L ePsf] b]zx?sf] ;"rLdf g]kfn klg kb{5 . u/LjL, plrt lzIff / 1fgsf] cefjdf k|lt jif{ &) xhf/ eGbf a9L g]kfnL afnaflnsfx? csfndf dl//x]sf 5g\ h:df $% xhf/ emf8f–kvfnf /f]un] / @% xhf/ lgdf]lgof, wg'i6+sf/, bfb'/f, nx/] vf]sL, kf]lnof], Ifo/f]u, Eofu't] /f]un] d5{g\ . g]kfn d} pknAw cf}ifwL / ;a}nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] l:ylt x'"bfx'+b} klg olt 7"nf] ;+Vofdf afn–aflnsfsf] csfn d[To' x'g'df rf+hf]kfhf] ldnfpg c;Ifd ;/sf/x? :jo+ bf]ifsf efuL 5g\ .

b]zsf efjL s0f{wf/x?sf] xs clwsf/ lglDt g]dlskfn] ;bgdf k|ltj4tfk"j{s cfjfh /fVb} cfPsf] 5 ;fy} afn >d / zf]if0f, afn–ljjfxsf] lj/f]wdf ;8sdf klg cfjfh p7fp"b} cfPsf] 5 .

afnaflnsfsf] pHjn eljio / of]Uo gful/s agfpg gu/ / ufp"x?df lzz' zfnf / afnf]Bfgsf] ;+rfngdf k|fyldstf lbOg' k5{ eGg] g]dlskfsf] c8fg 5 .

lzz'zfnf / afnf]Bfgsf] Jofks k|;f/n] Psflt/ ckf+u gfgLx?sf] k|ltzt 36\g] lglZrt 5 eg] dlxnfx?sf] 7"nf] ;+Vofn] /f]huf/sf] cj;/ k|fKt ug]{5g\ .

pkef]Qmf

g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{n] af/+af/ ;bgdf æpkef]Qmf ;+/If0f ljw]osÆ k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] ;/sf/ pkef]Qmf ljw]os @)%$ Nofpg jfWo eof] t/ pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ cem ;r]t kfg'{ cfjZos 5 .

;r]t pkef]Qmfxx?n] dfq} ljiffQm t]n, ld;fj6 / sd;n ;fdfg, Dofb gf3]sf] cf}ifwL, vfg]s'/f / j:t' tyf s[lqd d"No j[l4sf] lj/f]wdf ;+3if{ ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ / sfnfahf/L, ld;fj6 ug]{ / gfk–tf}ndf 7Ug] Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ cbfntdf pEofO ;hfo u/fpg ;Sg] 5g\ / Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg ;Sg] 5g\ . o;/L g]dlskf pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g @)%$ nfO{ zf]efsf] j:t' aGg glbg / s8fOsf;fy Jojxf/df nfu" u/fpg cfufdL lbgx?df klg ;+3if{/t /xg] 5 .

cfrf/;+lxtf

g]kfn dhb'/–ls;fg kf6L{sf lgjf{lrt ;f+;bx?n] kf6L{sf] ljwfg / ;+;bLo bnsf] ljwfgnfO{ k"0f{?kn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{5 . ‘h;/L ePklg r'gfj lhTg]’ / ;+;bdf uP/ s'g} klg ?ksf] e|i6frf/ ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{5 . e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ljw]os k]z ug{ / u/fpg g]dlskf OdfGbf/Lk"j{s nfUg]5 .

dfgj clwsf/

g]dlskf b]z / ljb]zdf ePsf ;a} dfgj clwsf/x?sf] xggsf] lj/f]w u5{ / tL ;a} 7fp"df dfgj clwsf/ jxfn xf];\ eGg] rfxG5 . ;+=/f= cd]l/sfn] k|hu sf]l/of, ;dfhjfbL So"jf, O/fs, lnljof cflb t]>f] ljZjsf b]zx?dfly u/]sf] cfqmd0f, gfsfjGbL / hflt xTofnfO{ g]dlskf dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] ?kdf lnG5 . sfd, dfd, sk8f / lzIff kfpg] xsnfO{ klg g]dlskf dfgj clwsf/ If]qleq} dfG5 . cfly{s :jtGqtf ljgf dfgj clwsf/ ck"/f] x'G5 .

g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL ‘hgo'4’ nfO{ /fhg}lts 9+un] ;dfwfg ug{ k|ltkIf / a'l4hLjLx?n] cfjfh /fVbf /fVb} klg an k|of]uaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/x? pBt 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL ‘hgo'4’ bafpg] gfddf ljkIfL / ;j{;fwf/0f ;of}+ lgbf]{if gful/sx?sf] lgd{d xTof eO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ljutsf ;/sf/x?n] dfgj clwsf/ / Ifltk"lt{ P]gnfO{ s]jn b]vfpg] bf"t agfO/x]sf] :ki6 5 . g]dlskf To:sf] lj/f]wdf hgcfGbf]ngsf efjgf / gf/fnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" u/fpg b[9tfsf ;fy k|of; ub}{ hfg]5 .

ax'bnLo k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgf kl5sf ;/sf/x?df lx+;|s k|j[lQ k|bz{g ug{ glxlRslrg' / plS;g'sf] Ps sf/0f hgcfGbf]ngsf ck/fwLx? dfly sfjf{xL gx'g' klg xf] . To;}n] g]dlskf dlNns cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf bf]ifLx?dfly sfg"gL sfjf{xL rnfpg k|oTgzLn /xg]5 .

hgtfsf] Ho"wgsf] ;'/Iff ug'{ k|To]s ;Eo ;/sf/sf] k|yd st{Jo xf] . t/ lj8Djgfsf] s'/f xf] – lx+;f, xTof / n'6–kftsf 36gfx? pNn]Vo ?kdf a[l4 eP . To:t} cfTdxTofsf 36gfx? klg k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgf kl5 a9]sf] b]lvof] . xfn ;/sf/n] k|lt JolQm cfo !^) cd]l/sL 8n/af6 a9]/ @)) k'u]sf] bfjf u¥of] t/ oL g} cjlwdf d'b|fl:kmlt sof}+ u'0ff a9]sf] tYonfO{ dfq n'sfPsf] xf]Og blIf0f k"j{ Pl;ofsf] ;aeGbf sd cfo ePsf] tYo klg n'sfof] . To;n] ubf{ lgd'vf hgtfn] k|hftGqnfO{ clezfksf] ?kdf lng yfn]sf 5g\ . hgtfsf] 36bf] cfly{s cj:yfs} sf/0fn] b]zdf ck/fwsf 36gfx?df a[l4 ePsf] xfd|f] 7DofO{ 5 . o;/L cfly{s l:yltnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg ;/sf/ c;Ifd x'"bf hgtfn] af"Rg kfpg] clwsf/af6 ;d]t a+lrt x'g' kl//x]sf] 5 .

g]dlskf k+rfotsfnb]lv g} df}lns / /fhg}lts clwsf/nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lb+b} cfPsf] kf6L{ xf] . of] clwsf/ eg]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;f/ tTj xf] . To;}n] of] kf6L{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;f"rf] cy{df axfnL u/fpg x/ xd]zf k|oTgzLn /xg] 5 . cfufdL lbgx?df klg oL g} clwsf/sf nflu ;bgb]lv ;8s;Dd cfkm\gf] cfjfhnfO{ 3Gsfp"b} hfg]5 .

g]dlskf gf} jfd kf6L{ / ;/sf/aLr ePsf] @)%% efb| ^ ut] ePsf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ nfu" ug{ / u/fpg ;+3if{/t /xg] 5 .

hghflt / efiffefifLaf/]

b]zdf ljleGg hfthflt / efiffefifLx?sf] klg dfgj ;Eotf / g]kfnL snf ;+:s[ltdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg 5 . tL ;a} g]kfnL km"naf/Lsf ljleGg km"nx? x'g\ . o;sf/0f tL ;a}sf] efiff, ;flxTo / snf–;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ oyf]lrt Wofg k'¥ofpg ;/sf/n] cu'jfO ug'{k5{ eGg] g]dlskfsf] b[li6sf]0f 5 . ;f"rf] cy{df ljs]lGb|s/0f / :jfotQfsf] sfof{Gjogn] b'u{d If]q, ljleGg hghflt / efiffefifLx?sf] ;d'lrt ljsf; x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf g]dlskf ljZjf; u5{ .

ljljw

g]dlskf b]zdf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/fpg ‘lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|lti7fg’ sf] ;lqmotfsf] lglDt hf]8 lbG5 / ‘s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x?’ nfO{ cem k|efjzfnL agfO{ To;sf] kmn b]ze/L km}nfpg rfxG5 . To;sf/0f xfd|f] kf6L{ lj1fg–k|ljlw dGqfno / s[lif dGqfnonfO{ cem hgd'vL agfpg rfxG5 b]zL / ljb]zL u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] 5]nf]v]nf]n] ;dfgfGt/ cy{tGq rNg] vt/f 5 . To;sf/0f tL u}/– ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ Ps lglZrt P]g leq /flvg' k5{ . g]dlskf o;sf] lglDt k|oTgzLn /xg] 5 .

dfcf]jfbL / bdgsf] gfddf gfddf lgbf]{if hgtfsf] xTof /f]Sg, dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g /f]Sg nufpg / ( jfd;+u ^ efb|sf] ;Demf}tf nfu" u/fpg .